In the shoot and root apical meristems, stem cells reside in a special context, termed stem cell niche, which is the source of signal to block differentiation. Plant stem cells also exist in certain vascular bundles of organs. For example, the procambium cell in a leaf is a type of stem cells that produces xylem and phloem cells. We welcome all types of articles that provide insights into but not limited to the following aspects: - Dynamic regulation of stem cells.
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Polycomb proteins are used to maintain a repressive chromatin state in both kingdoms but appear to function differently in the stem cells: they repress differentiation genes in animal stem cells, whereas in plants they are used to inhibit meristem genes in differentiated cells. It must be said, however, that we are far from understanding the molecular basis of pluripotency in any organism, so we cannot yet be sure whether pluripotency is controlled differently in plants and animals.
As described above, plant and animal stem cells have some surprising similarities in their developmental roles, in the ways they are organized within tissues, and to some extent in the molecular mechanisms controlling their behavior.
This is surprising not simply because plants are so different from animals, but because plants and animals very likely evolved from unicellular to multicellular organisms separately Meyerowitz Therefore, stem cells probably evolved independently in both kingdoms as an advantageous solution to the problem of balancing the need to grow with the need to produce specialized cells, which often cannot divide. In both plants and animals, stem cell niches likely evolved as devices to match the location and proliferation rate of stem cells to the needs of the whole organism.
Molecular similarities, such as the role of Rb proteins, probably result from adopting mechanisms in the stem cells to control cell division and differentiation that already existed in unicellular organisms Sablowski ; Scheres In conclusion, comparisons across large evolutionary distances, such as that between plants and animals, allow us to highlight the most fundamental principles of stem cell biology.
Stem cells function as the source of new cells to build tissues and organs and are central players in the development of complex organisms ranging from plants to humans. By genetically marking stem cells, it is possible to show that nearly all cells of a mature plant descend from small groups of stem cells located in their growing apices. Experiments with mutant plants and selective cell killing have shown that plant stem cells are maintained by signals from other, adjacent, cells.
This feature is shared with animal stem cells and helps to adjust stem cell proliferation to the needs of the organism. The mechanisms that control whether a cell continues to function as a stem cell or starts to differentiate also show some similarities in plants and animals, such as the role of the Retinoblastoma protein in promoting differentiation.
The functional similarities of stem cells in plants and animals probably have evolved independently as solutions to the problem of balancing the need to grow with the need to produce specialized cells, which often cannot divide. Burkhart, D.
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