Later, the blood libel against Jews and Muslims was recognized by the Holy Church as an unfounded lie; indeed, such accusations had earlier been used against Christians during the time of the Roman Empire.
The Papacy the Roman Catholic Church generally contradicted and opposed these accusations. Later, Pope Paul III, in a bull dated 12 May , made clear his displeasure with the Hungarian, Bohemian and Polish enemies of the Jews, who had spread false accusations of Jews killing children and drinking their blood as a pretext to seize Jewish property. Interestingly, the Muslim Sultan of the Ottoman Empire, Suleiman the Magnificent, also denounced the blood libel against the Jews in a royal decree dated [19].
The Black Hundreds were known for their extremism and incitement of pogroms and their various xenophobic beliefs, including Ukrainophobia, anti-Semitism and Islamophobia [20] [21] [22]. A report was submitted to the Emperor of the Russian Empire, Nicolai II, who was himself a staunch supporter and, indeed, a member of the Black Hundreds. Tsar Nicolai II gave his approval to start the trial against Beilis. A student, Vladimir Golubev, who was the leader of the Two-Headed Eagle, the offspring organization from Black Hundreds, fabricated the false proof against Beilis.
None of the Russian Orthodox Christian priests were willing to act in the trial as religious experts on Judaic rituals, to support the accusations. He presented the Laws of Moses as evidence, which forbid using any blood in food Deuteronomy Chapter 12 and Leviticus Several prominent experts also participated in the defense, including Professor Vladimir M.
Bekhterev, Professor Ivan G. Troitsky and Rabbi Yakov Mazeh. The defense demonstrated that Pranaitis, the Lithuanian Catholic priest, lacked credibility in his knowledge of Talmudic concepts and definitions.
Ultimately, despite the fact that seven of the 12 Christian jurors were members of the Union of the Russian People one of the offspring organizations of the Black Hundreds , after deliberating for several hours, the jury acquitted Beilis. Up to this point, the trial lasted more than two years. Significant evidence in defense of Beilis was provided by a Russian detective Nikolai Krasovsky, who determined that the true murderers were connected to the Black Hundreds and the secret police.
In this paper, we have discussed two opposing religious ideological concepts, on which two cultural civilizations are based. One culture is relaxed about the consumption of pork and blood as a food and its members consume food such as black puddings, frankfurters and hot dogs. Today, racism, xenophobia, anti-Semitism, Islamophobia and Ukrainophobia have influenced millions of people in all parts of the world.
Racism, xenophobia and Islamophobia prevail generally. However, it should be noted that, historically, in the same countries these have been deep-rooted in anti-Semitism where Islamophobia also has been and is widespread. In Poland and the former Baltic Republics of the Soviet Union, deep-rooted anti-Semitism and Islamophobia have existed historically and continue to do so. For instance, Poland and the Baltic Republics have actively prevented Turkey joining the Europe Union because of its predominantly Muslim population and, during the refugee crisis.
They did not permit the entry of a single refugee from Syria, Iraq, Afghanistan or Africa because the refugees were Muslims. Russian politician and right-wing extremist Vladimir Mitrofanovich Purishkevich was one of the founders of the Union of the Russian People a branch of the Black Squadrons.
He was the deputy to the Russian state Dumas parliaments and a very active xenophobe, Ukrainophobe, anti-Semite and Islamophobe.
He was a leader of one faction in the Duma in reality, he represented the thoughts of Tsar Nicolai II, who was also a staunch anti-Semite and Islamophobe. He is a converted Jew, a staunch anti-Semite and a racist [24] [25]. In recent years, he has actively presented strong anti-Ukraine sentiments [26] [27] , which represented the official state position of the Kremlin. Following Vladimir Vulvovich, the Ukraine does not have its own territories [27] , as these belong to Poland, Hungary, Romania and Russia [27].
University of Pennsylvania. JRSM, 96, Brisbin Jr. In: Oliver, W. Archaeology, Harvard University Press, Cambridge. Eerdmans Publishing, Vol. Daily Mail. USA Today. Canadian Veterinary Journal, 13, Ana I. Planet Contreras, Dra. Christiane Stallaert, Madrid. No Joke.
The New York Times, 6 November Home Journals Article. DOI: Abstract To date, many influential religious leaders from both Judaism and Islam have attempted to provide answers to the question of why both these religions prohibit eating pork.
Share and Cite:. Brondz, I. Voice of the Publisher , 4 , Thou shall not lie or give false testimony. They invoke a curse of God if they lie 7. The higher the temperature, the dirtier the pig becomes and the arid climate of the Middle East would contribute to the dirt of these animals. The prohibition of the pig for reasons of public health was also endorsed in the thirteenth century by Maimonides, the influential Jewish theologian and doctor. For Harris, although this theory is plausible, it does not justify such an exhaustive prohibition, and he attributes the rational consolidation of this dietary taboo to the discovery in the midth century that trichinosis was caused by ingesting pork that had not been well cooked.
Nor is this a definitive explanation for the anthropologist, since he claims that other diseases at the time caused by other animals were much more serious than trichinosis and even lethal, and the animals that transmitted them were not banned.
Other hypotheses suggest that the taboo on pork comes from the consideration of the pig as a totemic animal by some tribes.
However, for the author, the fact that in the past they were considered divine animals does not fully explain the refusal to eat it. For the expert anthropologist, the most valid theory that explains why Jews and Muslims do not eat pork is ecological in nature.
Harris considers that the pig was condemned because the breeding of these animals then constituted a threat to the integrity of the natural and cultural ecosystems of the Middle East. These were arid areas where the best adapted animals were ruminants: cattle, sheep and goats. The pig requires fields and rivers, does not produce milk, nor skins, nor is it used to plow or carry loads and also eats the same as man. In short, the pig was presented as a luxury item, a temptation and even a competitor for man.
The expert explains that as with the taboo that prohibits eating beef in India, the greater the temptation, the greater the need for a divine prohibition. They live and thrive on muck, feces and dirt. It could be argued that in developed countries, pigs are bred in very clean and hygienic conditions.
Even in these hygienic conditions the pigs are kept together in sties, and so the chances of them consuming filth are very high. Research has shown correlation between pork consumption and several diseases. Eating pork can expose the individual to various helminthes worms like roundworm, pinworm and hookworm. It harbors in the intestine and is very long. Its ova i. If it enters the brain it can cause memory loss.
If it enters the heart it can cause heart attack, in the eye it can cause blindness, and in the liver it can cause liver damage. It can damage almost all the organs of the body.
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