When citing a report of a judgment, cite the 'best report' as indicated in the hierarchy of law reports table above , giving the year of the volume, the volume number if there is one, the abbreviation of the law report series and the first page of the report. If there is no neutral citation which will be the case before , also indicate the court in brackets at the end. Name of case Claimant v Defendent or Applicant v Respondent. Citations including neutral citations and report citations: give the neutral citation first, followed by a citation of the best report, separated by a comma.
Square brackets [ ] are used where the series has no consecutive volume numbers and the year is essential for finding the correct volume. So, the report of Donoghue v Stevenson is in the volume of the Appeal Cases, beginning at page , which is written [] AC Neutral citations also use square brackets for the year.
Round brackets are used around the year in a legal citation when the series has consecutive volume numbers and the year is not essential for finding the case. For example, to find the report cited as 77 Cr App R 76 you don't need the date because the volume number - 77 - indicates where you will find the report. The Official Law Reports , the All Englands and some other reports series that use the year as a volume number often have more than one volume each year.
The volume number follows the year, after the square brackets. Annual volume numbers rarely go above 5. A pinpoint is a reference to a particular paragraph or page number. All judgments with neutral citations have numbered paragraphs.
When quoting from a judgment, provide the paragraphs being quoted in square brackets at the end of the citation, as shown with the [45] in square brackets at the end of the citation in R v G below. If citing more than one paragraph, separate them with commas, eg [45], [49].
If citing several paragraphs in a row, join them with a hyphen or em dash, eg [45]-[48]. To reference quotes from judgments that don't have paragraph numbers, cite the page number after the court.
The following example is citing a quote from or a reference to page of the report.. Abbreviations are commonly used when referring to law reports and law journals. Use the Cardiff Index to Legal Abbreviations to find out what abbreviations stand for. The Cardiff Index includes abbreviations for UK and foreign law reports and journals, and some legislative publications and major textbooks.
Westlaw, Lexis and other databases also have information about abbreviations. For more information about abbreviations in neutral citations see bailii.
Skip to main content. Law reports and the doctrine of precedent Case law, which is recorded in Law Reports series, provides the bulk of law in the United Kingdom and acts as a source of law through the mechanism of the doctrine of precedent. Indicate the court in which the case was heard in brackets after the first page of the report, and before the pinpoint if there is one. Cases with a neutral citation do not require the court either unless the case was heard in one of the divisions of the High Court.
These cases are numbered consecutively throughout the year and the abbreviation UKHL, EWCH indicates which court the case was heard in, rather than a law report series.
If a case is subsequently reported in a law report, use a comma to separate the neutral citation from the law report citation. For further information, have a look at the Guide to Neutral Citations. Examples of cases that have been subsequently reported in a law report series:. Example footnote with a pinpoint to specific paragraphs. Table of Authorities. The only difference is that case names are not italicised, pinpointing is not used and there is no full stop at the end.
Cases identifying parties by initials only should be listed under the initial. Cases published before do not have a neutral citation. Example footnote with a page pinpoint. R v Huelin Valuation Officer Ex p. Before and the start of the official Law Report series, cases were reported by individuals and collectively known as the nominate reports.
The paragraph number must be the number allotted by the court in all future versions of the judgment. Since its initial introduction, the system of neutral citations has been extended to cover more courts in addition to the Court of Appeal and the Administrative Court. Here is a list of the courts which assign neutral citations, and their format:.
There are also official neutral citation systems in use for the courts of Scotland, Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland. This Practice Direction extended the practice of neutral citation to all judgments given by the High Court in London.
Reported at [] 1 W. Practice Statement produced by the Tribunals Judiciary setting out the arrangements for the neutral citation of tribunal decisions.
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